Continuing my basic primer on elementary lighting ideas we move on from Backlight and Sidelight to Frontlight. Traditionally, frontlight has been considered the primary angle for lighting a play and while certainly very useful, we will explore how this seemingly simple idea can actually create many and varied lighting effects, looks and moods.
When I discussed the various lighitng angles in my introductory essay I said that Frontlight “defines the features. It allows us to experience the “[b]ody as [an] emotional subject.” Backlight might distinguish our performer from the background, and sidelight might reveal the human body as a sculptural object, but frontlight allows us to connect with the performer as an emotional being. It gives presence to the minute facial features and gestures that might otherwise be obscured in shadow by more severe lighting angles.
Frontlight is very soft relative to other angles of light. As such, if it is used exclusively it quickly runs the risk of looking boring or dull. It can too easily wash out features as much as reveal them and make rather dynamic objects, particularly clothing and faces, appear flat and two dimensional. Like any other angle, frontlight is a tool to be used in conjunction with other lighting angles to provide a full visual experience for the audience.

Frontlight can manifest in a variety of ways. Straight frontlight is lighting that comes in from front of house positions at a roughly 45 degree angle to the performers face. This is a standard theatrical and musical position that gives basic facial visibility to the actor. A variation on this is diagonal frontlight which keeps the same 45 degree angle, but uses two lights for each acting area coming in at 90 degrees from each other. This puts one light at a 45 degree angle from either side of the performer’s face. Stanley McCandless famously used this as the primary means of lighitng a stage play in his seminal work A Method for Lighting the Stage.

While many to most designers have moved far afield from the theories of McCandless, his ideas still have a great deal of historical significance and deserve mention. The great thing about his “method” is that is allows a designer to create a fairly complex visual image through a minimum of instrumentation. Diagonal frontlight not only illuminates the entirety of the performers face, it does so with a minimum of sculpting as well. This way it is possible to create looks with a fair amount of depth and sculpture with very few lights. However, in most practical situations today, your lighting system is going to be sophisticated enough that such a rudimentary approach is not needed.
Beyond these two options there are low angled frontlight from the balcony rail and footlights. The balcony rail is an interesting position as it gives the designer the flattest possible angle to work from. This is superb when lighting in-one drops or show curtains. It can also be very effective when projecting clouds or other patterns from the front as the light can get underneath the borders and light upstage drops without interfering with performers. Further, there are occasional times where the extreme flatness is desired. Perhaps a sunset effect where the setting sun comes from the house and the performers are all pushed into the scenery by way of the lighting. The balcony rail can be a great location for deeply saturated colors used to fill in shadows in a musical comedy or comedic dance.
The last frontlight position to consider is footlights. Long considered an old-fashioned relic of 19th century lighting, in the last decade or so the strategic use of footlights have made a comeback. While the very generalized footlight strips go in and out of fashion, so too have footlight spots. While on their own they provide a rather severe look best suited to a diabolical soliloquy or fantasy melodrama, when used in conjunction with other lighting ideas they can work to soften the shadows underneath a performers chin or eyebrow or hat.

Far from a single “boring” thing, frontlight has many permutations and possibilities inherent in it. While its overuse can easily take an interesting scene and make it look dull and boring, so too can any other lighting angle. Through the strategic use of frontlight, in conjunction with the three other angles of light, the designer can create an infinite array of lighting looks and possibilities.



















